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A review on front end conversion in ocean wave energy converters

Nagulan SANTHOSH,Venkatesan BASKARAN,Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 297-310 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0370-x

摘要： Harvesting the energy from ocean waves is one of the greatest attractions for energy engineers and scientists. Till date, plenty of methods have been adopted to harvest the energy from the ocean waves. However, due to technological and economical complexity, it is intricate to involve the majority of these energy harvesters in the real ocean environment. Effective utilization and sustainability of any wave energy harvester depend upon its adaptability in the irregular seasonal waves, situation capability in maximum energy extraction and finally fulfilling the economic barriers. In this paper, the front end energy conversions are reviewed in detail which is positioned in the first stage of the wave energy converter among other stages such as power take off (PTO) and electrical energy conversion. If the recent development of these front end energy conversion is well known then developing wave energy converter with economic and commercial viability is possible. The aim of this review is to provide information on front end energy conversion of a point absorber and emphasize the strategies and calamity to be considered in designing such kinds of devices to improve the energy harvesting competence. This will be useful to the engineers for speeding up the development of a matured point absorbing type wave energy converter.

关键词： wave energy converter point absorbers power take off (PTO) front end energy conversion

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on improved performance of an innovative method of using heave response of a non-floating object for oceanwave energy conversion

Srinivasan CHANDRASEKARAN, Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK, Karuppan SIVAKUMAR, Dhanasekaran SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN, Shaji SIDNEY

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 279-287 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0268-4

摘要： To convert wave energy into usable forms of energy by utilizing heaving body, heaving bodies (buoys) which are buoyant in nature and float on the water surface are usually used. The wave exerts excess buoyancy force on the buoy, lifting it during the approach of wave crest while the gravity pulls it down during the wave trough. A hydraulic, direct or mechanical power takeoff is used to convert this up and down motion of the buoy to produce usable forms of energy. Though using a floating buoy for harnessing wave energy is conventional, this device faces many challenges in improving the overall conversion efficiency and survivability in extreme conditions. Up to the present, no studies have been done to harness ocean waves using a non-floating object and to find out the merits and demerits of the system. In the present paper, an innovative heaving body type of wave energy converter with a non-floating object was proposed to harness waves. It was also shown that the conversion efficiency and safety of the proposed device were significantly higher than any other device proposed with floating buoy. To demonstrate the improvements, experiments were conducted with non-floating body for different dimensions and the heave response was noted. Power generation was not considered in the experiment to observe the worst case response of the heaving body. The device was modeled in artificial neural network (ANN), the heave response for various parameters were predicted, and compared with the experimental results. It was found that the ANN model could predict the heave response with an accuracy of 99%.

关键词： ocean wave energy point absorbers heaving body non-floating object heave response ratio artificial neural network (ANN)

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海洋可再生能源的前景 Review

Alistair G. L. Borthwick

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 69-78 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.011

摘要：

以化石燃料为基础的发电方式会产生大量二氧化碳，从而导致全球气候变暖。我们需要采取行动减少化石燃料的使用和二氧化碳的排放。海洋能源存在巨大潜力，但是其开发还面临着跨学科的技术、成本、投资、环境影响和政府政策等方面的问题。本文简要介绍了海上风电、潮流、洋流、潮差、波浪能、海洋热能、盐度梯度、生物能等方面的内容，简述了开采海洋可再生能源需要进行研究的领域。这些领域包括能源存储、高级材料、机器人和信息学。本文以可持续性的角度从伦理、立法、监管环境、政府政策、经济、社会和环境制约等方面给出了海洋可再生能源发展的要求，强调我们急需富有专研精神的新一代科学家解决海洋可再生能源面临的重大挑战。

关键词：海洋可再生能源海上风电潮流洋流潮差波浪能海洋热能生物能可持续性

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Laboratory experiment on using non-floating body to generate electrical energy from water waves

Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK, Srinivasan CHANDRASEKARAN, Karuppan SIVAKUMAR, Harender SINHMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 361-365 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0210-1

摘要： This paper describes an innovative method of using a non-buoyant body to harness ocean waves. All the point absorbers are buoyant in nature and move up due to buoyancy and come down because of gravity. The point absorbers are designed to move along the waves to make the device efficient. These devices face excessive stress during the rough weather on account of the extreme motion of waves and cause the total device failure. The present study shows that using a non-buoyant body for conventional point absorber principle is much efficient and safer than any other device proposed till today. A small scale wave energy converter with non-buoyant body was designed, fabricated and tested in small scale wave maker. An electrical generator was coupled with the device to generate electrical energy from harnessed waves. The generator was electrically loaded and the generated power was measured. It was found from the experiments that the proposed device showed a significant improvement in electricity generation and safety during extreme conditions. In addition to the electricity generation, the characteristics of the device were also studied by using various wave and device parameters.

关键词： ocean wave energy point absorbers heaving body non-floating object heave response ratio electrical energy generation

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高能量密度爆炸与化学爆炸的物理特征及爆炸次生洪水波效应探讨

周丰峻

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 45-51

摘要：

文章根据高能量密度爆炸的辐射流体动力学计算与TNT装药爆炸计算的结果，对二类爆炸波系的形成发展，爆炸近区、远区的物理特征和爆炸作用物理模拟问题进行了研究，得出了对防护工程比较重要的几点结论。同时对于同两类爆炸引起的次生洪水波灾害进行了探讨，阐明了系统开展洪水波防护研究的重要意义。

关键词：高能量密度爆炸化学焊炸冲击波洪水波

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Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy Harvesting and Marine Environmental Monitoring

Yang Jiang,Xi Liang,Tao Jiang,Zhong Lin Wang,

《工程（英文）》 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.023

摘要： Blue energy, which includes rainfall, tidal current, wave, and water-flow energy, is a promising renewable resource, although its exploitation is limited by current technologies and thus remains low. This form of energy is mainly harvested by electromagnetic generators (EMGs), which generate electricity via Lorenz force-driven electron flows. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and TENG networks exhibit superiority over EMGs in low-frequency and high-entropy energy harvesting as a new approach for blue energy harvesting. A TENG produces electrical outputs by adopting the mechanism of Maxwell’s displacement current. To date, a series of research efforts have been made to optimize the structure and performance of TENGs for effective blue energy harvesting and marine environmental applications. Despite the great progress that has been achieved in the use of TENGs in this context so far, continuous exploration is required in energy conversion, device durability, power management, and environmental applications. This review reports on advances in TENGs for blue energy harvesting and marine environmental monitoring. It introduces the theoretical foundations of TENGs and discusses advanced TENG prototypes for blue energy harvesting, including TENG structures that function in freestanding and contact-separation modes. Performance enhancement strategies for TENGs intended for blue energy harvesting are also summarized. Finally, marine environmental applications of TENGs based on blue energy harvesting are discussed.

关键词： Triboelectric nanogenerator TENG networks Blue energy Energy harvesting Ocean sensors

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Time reversal method for guided wave inspection in pipes

DENG Fei, WU Bin, HE Cunfu

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第3期页码 251-260 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0050-1

摘要： The application of the time reversal method in pipe-like structures based on finite element method (FEM) is investigated. A steel pipe model measuring 70 mm × 3.5 mm is used to analyze the reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode with the time reversal process. Simulation results show that the time reversal array method is beneficial to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of a guided wave inspection system. As the intercepting window is widened, more energy is included in re-emitted signals, which leads to a large reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode. In parallel, a circumferential locating method based on the time reversal method is described. The time reversal process used for guided wave inspection leads to the temporal and spatial focusing. When the time reversal signals are re-emitted, the angular profile obtained at the axial location of the defect can be used to determine the circumferential location of the defect. Except for a pipe with one defect, the circumferential locating method has been verified on another pipe model with two defects. Meanwhile, the elements number of the time reversal array has been discussed for enhancing the discrimination of the defect circumferential location.

关键词： reversal process beneficial circumferential location energy number

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Triboelectric nanogenerators: the beginning of blue dream

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第6期页码 635-678 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2271-y

摘要： Wave energy is inexhaustible renewable energy. Making full use of the huge ocean wave energy resources is the dream of mankind for hundreds of years. Nowadays, the utilization of water wave energy is mainly absorbed and transformed by electromagnetic generators (EMGs) in the form of mechanical energy. However, waves usually have low frequency and uncertainty, which means low power generation efficiency for EMGs. Fortunately, in this slow current and random direction wave case, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has a relatively stable output power, which is suitable for collecting blue energy. This article summarizes the main research results of TENG in harvesting blue energy. Firstly, based on Maxwell’s displacement current, the basic principle of the nanogenerator is expounded. Then, four working modes and three applications of TENG are introduced, especially the application of TENG in blue energy. TENG currently used in blue energy harvesting is divided into four categories and discussed in detail. After TENG harvests water wave energy, it is meaningless if it cannot be used. Therefore, the modular storage of TENG energy is discussed. The output power of a single TENG unit is relatively low, which cannot meet the demand for high power. Thus, the networking strategy of large-scale TENG is further introduced. TENG’s energy comes from water waves, and each TENG’s output has great randomness, which is very unfavorable for the energy storage after large-scale TENG integration. On this basis, this paper discusses the power management methods of TENG. In addition, in order to further prove its economic and environmental advantages, the economic benefits of TENG are also evaluated. Finally, the development potential of TENG in the field of blue energy and some problems that need to be solved urgently are briefly summarized.

关键词： blue energy triboelectric nanogenerator water wave energy networking strategy micro/nano-energy self-powered devices

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Rare tumors: a blue ocean of investigation

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 220-230 doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-0984-z

摘要： Advances in novel drugs, therapies, and genetic techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, substantially improving cancer patients’ prognosis. Although rare tumors account for a non-negligible number, the practice of precision medicine and development of novel therapies are largely hampered by many obstacles. Their low incidence and drastic regional disparities result in the difficulty of informative evidence-based diagnosis and subtyping. Sample exhaustion due to difficulty in diagnosis also leads to a lack of recommended therapeutic strategies in clinical guidelines, insufficient biomarkers for prognosis/efficacy, and inability to identify potential novel therapies in clinical trials. Herein, by reviewing the epidemiological data of Chinese solid tumors and publications defining rare tumors in other areas, we proposed a definition of rare tumor in China, including 515 tumor types with incidences of less than 2.5/100 000 per year. We also summarized the current diagnosis process, treatment recommendations, and global developmental progress of targeted drugs and immunotherapy agents on the status quo. Lastly, we pinpointed the current recommendation chance for patients with rare tumors to be involved in a clinical trial by NCCN. With this informative report, we aimed to raise awareness on the importance of rare tumor investigations and guarantee a bright future for rare tumor patients.

关键词： rare tumors diagnosis flowchart treatment strategy clinical trials recommendation

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我国卫星海洋空间探测

蒋兴伟,林明森,刘建强

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 56-62

摘要：

分析了卫星遥感海洋探测技术的发展趋势，以及其对海洋科学的影响。回顾了海洋卫星遥感技术的发展历程，并把国内海洋遥感技术与国外相应技术作了简单对比，指出两者的区别。介绍了我国2007—2020年海洋遥感卫星发射的关键技术，其发展的第一个里程碑是HY－1和HY－2卫星的发射，主要用于监控海洋灾害，比如赤潮、油类溢出、水质和海冰等。最后提出了我国发展卫星遥感应用技术的建议。

关键词：海洋卫星发展规划海洋强国

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行波堆：设计与开发 Review

John Gilleland, Robert Petroski, Kevan Weaver

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 88-96 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.024

摘要：

行波堆为一次通过式燃料循环反应堆，其利用堆芯自增殖大大降低了对浓缩和后处理的需求。自增殖将次临界换料燃料转化为新的临界燃料，从而使增殖燃烧波得以扩散。该理念建立在增殖燃烧波和燃料的相对移动的基础上。因此，燃料或增殖燃烧波相对于固定的观察器而言是移动的。行波堆最实用的体现就是能够在将核反应保持在同一位置的同时移动燃料——有时行波堆也被称为“驻波堆”。行波堆能够使用换料铀燃料运行，换料铀燃料包括完全贫化铀、天然铀和低浓缩铀燃料( 即235U含量为5.5 %或更低的燃料)，这些燃料通常在快谱中达不到临界状态。轻水反应堆卸出的乏燃料也可以作为行波堆的换料燃料。上述情况均无需后处理即可实现极高的燃料利用率和燃料废物量的显著降低。当换料燃料为贫化铀时，行波堆的最大优势得以实现，即在启动后，无需浓缩设施，就可维持最先启动的反应堆和一连串后续的反应堆的运行。自2006年起，泰拉能源公司(TerraPower) 与50 多个机构高度协作，开展了概念设计、工程设计和相关技术开发活动，力争到2026年实现将第一个机组投入使用。本文总结了行波堆技术，包括它的发展计划及其进展，分析了行波堆的社会和经济效益。

关键词：核能发电先进反应堆行波堆可持续性

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极区海洋碳池变化性和脆弱性及其探测工程技术

陈立奇

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第10期页码 79-85

摘要：

利用中国南极考察和北极科学考察在南大洋和西北冰洋开展的连续围绕大气和表层海水pCO₂及其相关参数观测和海气CO₂通量评估，阐述南大洋和西北冰洋碳池的年际变化性，分析探讨其脆弱性，并展望了极区海洋碳池探测工程技术。

关键词：碳循环变化性和脆弱性南大洋西北冰洋探测工程技术

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基于海洋能的海水资源综合利用研究

李伟,杨易嘉,顾亚京,刘宏伟,林勇刚,张南强

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第6期页码 33-38 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.06.006

摘要：

本文将海洋能发电技术、海水淡化技术与浓盐海水电解制氢技术相结合，提出了一种综合利用海洋能源和海水资源的新模式。海洋能发电设备能为海岛和海上设施提供电能，在通过海水制淡有效解决海岛或海上设施供水问题的同时也会产生副产品浓盐水——目前均作为废弃物回放大海，不仅成为一种污染源，也造成海水浓盐水中富含的氢、氯、钠等化工资源的浪费。因此本文进一步研究海洋能电解浓盐水制氢、制碱技术，在实现海能海用、海水资源化利用的同时，也为建设海洋补氢站提供了可能。

关键词：潮流能海洋化学能海水综合利用制氢制碱

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Effects of thermocline on performance of underwater glider’s power system propelled by ocean thermalenergy

Hai YANG, Jie MA,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 472-479 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0052-7

摘要： The thermal glider’s changeable volume produces propelling force to power the glider’s descending and ascending through the thermocline. The different depth, thickness, and intensity of the thermocline at different seasons and locations affect the working processes of the glider’s power system. Based on the enthalpy method, a mathematical model of the underwater glider’s power system was established and the time efficiency of operation was introduced, so that the effects of different thermoclines on the underwater glider’s power system were analyzed theoretically. The simulation result shows that the thermocline affects the transition time of the phase change processes of working fluids within the thermal engine tubes. There exist the threshold values of the thermocline’s depth and upper thickness for the power system’s operation. A depth or upper thickness of the thermocline less than the corresponding threshold leads the power system to work abnormally. To keep the power system working efficiently, a glider must be kept in warm surface water for a certain period before it moves through cold water, so that the time efficiency of operation is reduced. A less time efficiency of operation is unfavorable to the thermal glider to penetrate through the ocean currents.

关键词： mathematical underwater glider system working certain corresponding threshold

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Study on wave rotor refrigerators

Yuqiang DAI, Dapeng HU, Meixia DING

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 83-87 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0075-y

摘要： As a novel generation of a rotational gas wave machine, the wave rotor refrigerator (WRR) is an unsteady flow device used for refrigeration, in whose passages pressured streams directly contact and exchange energy due to the movement of pressure waves. In this paper, the working mechanism and refrigeration principle are investigated based on the one-dimensional unsteady flow theory. A basic limitation on main structural parameters and operating parameters is deduced and the wave diagram of WRR to guide designing is sketched. The main influential factors are studied through an experiment. In the DUT Gas Wave Refrigeration Studying and Development Center (GWRSDC) lab, the isentropic efficiency can now reach about 65%. The results show that the WRR is a feasible and promising technology in pressured gas refrigeration cases.

关键词： wave rotor refrigeration unsteady flow theory wave diagram